HRAC GROUP 9 (LEGACY G) RESISTANT RUSSIAN-THISTLE
(Salsola tragus)

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

United States, Washington

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INTRODUCTION RUSSIAN-THISTLE Russian-thistle (Salsola tragus) is a dicot weed in the Chenopodiaceae family.  In Washington this weed first evolved resistance to Group 9 (Legacy G) herbicides in 2015 and infests Fallow.   Group 9 (Legacy G) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (Inhibition of EPSP synthase).  Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to glyphosate and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 9 (Legacy G) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Apr 08, 2019 ) Common Name Russian-thistle Species Salsola tragus Group Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G) Herbicides glyphosate Location United States, Washington Year 2015 Situation(s) Fallow Contributors - (Alphabetically) Ian Burke, Prashant Jha, Vipan Kumar, and Drew Lyon  Edit this Case  |  Add New Case of Resistance  |  Add Note

NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE GENERAL Drew Lyon Weed Technology 2017 31:238–251 Glyphosate-Resistant Russian-thistle (Salsola tragus) Identified in Montana and Washington Vipan Kumar, John F. Spring, Prashant Jha, Drew J. Lyon, and Ian C. Burke Two putative glyphosate-resistant (GR) Russian-thistle accessions were collected from fallow fields (wheat-fallow rotation): one from Choteau County, MT (MT-R), and a second from Columbia County, WA (WA-R) in summer/fall of 2015. Greenhouse and outdoor/field whole-plant dose-response studies were conducted to confirm and characterize the levels of glyphosate resistance in these GR accessions relative to known glyphosate-susceptible accessions (MT-S and WA-S from MT and WA, respectively). Based on GR50 values of the progeny plants, the MT-R accession exhibited 4.5-fold and 5.9-fold resistance to glyphosate relative to the MT-S accession under greenhouse and outdoor conditions, respectively. The WA-R accession showed 3.0- to 5.0-fold resistance relative to the WA-S accession in greenhouse experiments, and 1.9- to 7.5-fold resistance in multi-site field experiments. In a separate greenhouse study on alternative POST herbicides to control GR Russian-thistle, bicyclopyrone plus bromoxynil, bromoxynil plus fluroxypyr, bromoxynil plus pyrasulfotole, bromoxynil plus MCPA, paraquat alone, paraquat plus metribuzin, saflufenacil alone, saflufenacil plus 2,4-D, and 2,4-D plus bromoxynil plus fluroxypyr provided effective control (≥95%) and shoot dry weight reduction (up to 98%) of GR accessions. This research confirms the first global case of field-evolved GR Russian-thistle. Best management practices (BMPs); including alternative, effective herbicide programs (based on multiple mechanisms of action highlighted in this study) need immediate implementation to prevent further spread of GR or evolution of multiple HR Russian-thistle populations in this region. Edit this Note  |  Add New Note

ACADEMIC ASPECTS Confirmation Tests Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Russian-thistle biotype with this Russian-thistle biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.   Genetics Genetic studies on HRAC Group 9 resistant Russian-thistle have not been reported to the site.  There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature   Mechanism of Resistance The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database.  If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.   Relative Fitness There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes.  If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 9 (Legacy G) resistant Russian-thistle from Washington please update the database.   Edit Case  |  Add Note  |  Add Article  |  Add New Case  |  Help

CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS IAN BURKE Associate Professor - Weed Scientist Washington State University Department of Crop And Soil Sciences 163 Johnson Hall PO Box 646420 Pullman, 99164, Washington United States Email Ian Burke Web   : Web Site Link PRASHANT JHA Associate Professor-Weed Science Montana State University-Bozeman Southern Agricultural Research Center 748 Railroad Highway Huntley, 59037, Montana United States Email Prashant Jha Web   : Web Site Link VIPAN KUMAR Assistant Professor-Weed Science Kansas State University Agricultural Research Center-Hays 1232 240th Avenue Hays, 67601, Kansas United States Email Vipan Kumar Web   : Web Site Link DREW LYON Endowed Chair in Small Grains Extension and Research, Weed Science Washington State University Crop & Soil Sciences PO Box 646420 Pullman, 99164-6420, Washington United States Email Drew Lyon Web   : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Washington have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Ian Burke, Prashant Jha, Vipan Kumar, and Drew Lyon for providing detailed information.

Herbicide Resistant Russian-thistle Globally (Salsola tragus) Herbicide Resistant Russian-thistle Globally (Salsola tragus) Drag a column header and drop it here to group by that column Herbicide Resistant Russian-thistle Globally (Salsola tragus) # Country Country StateName FirstYear Situation Active Ingredients CountryID Site of Action WeedID Species CommonName ResistID 1 Argentina Argentina   2019 Soybean glyphosate 48 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G) 147 Salsola tragus Russian-thistle 19218 2 Canada (Saskatchewan) Canada Saskatchewan 1989 Wheat chlorsulfuron 7 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B) 147 Salsola tragus Russian-thistle 5067 3 Canada (Alberta) Canada Alberta 2007 Spring Barley, and Wheat thifensulfuron-methyl, and tribenuron-methyl 7 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B) 147 Salsola tragus Russian-thistle 7831 4 United States (Washington) United States Washington 1987 Wheat chlorsulfuron 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B) 147 Salsola tragus Russian-thistle 231 5 United States (Montana) United States Montana 1987 Cropland, and Wheat chlorsulfuron 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B) 147 Salsola tragus Russian-thistle 411 6 United States (Idaho) United States Idaho 1990 Wheat chlorsulfuron 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B) 147 Salsola tragus Russian-thistle 512 7 United States (Oregon) United States Oregon 1993 Wheat chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, and triasulfuron 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B) 147 Salsola tragus Russian-thistle 1173 8 United States (California) United States California 1994 Roadsides chlorsulfuron, and sulfometuron-methyl 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B) 147 Salsola tragus Russian-thistle 1036 9 United States (Montana) United States Montana 2015 Fallow, and Wheat glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G) 147 Salsola tragus Russian-thistle 12032 10 United States (Washington) United States Washington 2015 Fallow glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G) 147 Salsola tragus Russian-thistle 18160 11 United States (Oregon) United States Oregon 2016 Fallow glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G) 147 Salsola tragus Russian-thistle 13055

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Warwick, S. I. ; Sauder, C. A. ; Beckie, H. J.. 2010. Acetolactate synthase (ALS) target-site mutations in ALS inhibitor-resistant Russian thistle (Salsola tragus). Weed Science 58 : 244 - 251.

ALS inhibitor-resistant biotypes are the fastest growing class of herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds. A Canadian ALS inhibitor-resistant biotype of Russian thistle was first reported in 1989. The molecular basis for ALS-inhibitor resistance is unknown for Canadian populations of this polyploid weed species, and was determined in this study for one Alberta and two Saskatchewan HR Russian thistle populations. HR plants survived spray application of the ALS-inhibitor mixture thifensulfuron:tribenuron in the greenhouse. All three HR Russian thistle populations were heterogeneous and contained both HR and herbicide-susceptible (HS) individuals. The molecular basis for resistance was determined by sequencing the ALS gene and/or conducting a TaqMan genotyping assay for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) for the Trp₅₇₄Leu mutation. Two target-site mutations were observed: Trp₅₇₄Leu in all three biotypes (554 individuals) and Pro₁₉₇Gln in one biotype (one individual), suggesting multiple-founding events for Russian thistle HR populations in western Canada. Segregation patterns among F1 and F2 progeny arrays of HR lines sprayed under greenhouse conditions varied; some segregated (i.e., had HR and HS progeny), whereas other lines were exclusively HR. In contrast, no segregation of molecular types, i.e., Trp₅₇₄, Trp/Leu₅₇₄ and Leu₅₇₄, as would be expected with heterozygosity at a single locus Trp/Leu₅₇₄, was observed. Such lack of segregation is consistent with the polyploid genome structure of Russian thistle and the presence of two copies of the ALS gene. The presence of more than one ALS gene confounded the ability of the molecular techniques to accurately identify "true" heterozygotes in this study..

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